hardly

常用用法

hardly是具有否定意義的副詞,基本意思是“幾乎不,幾乎沒有,很少”。修飾表示能力的詞,可表示事實(shí)上不可能,暗示“困難”之意。
hardly常修飾動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系表結(jié)構(gòu),位于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前,系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后。hardly也可修飾名詞、代詞、形容詞。hardly位于句首時(shí),句子須借助助動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成倒裝語序。
hardly本身含有否定意味,句中不可再使用其他否定詞,用于反意疑問句時(shí),附加問句需用肯定式。
hardly常用于hardly had...when結(jié)構(gòu),意為“剛…就…”,表示一件事緊接著一件事發(fā)生,與過去完成時(shí)連用。when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí),主句一般用過去完成時(shí),從句用一般過去時(shí)。hardly置于句首時(shí),助動(dòng)詞had要放在主句的主語前。
hardly常與any連用,意為“幾乎沒有”。

這組詞意思相近，其區(qū)別是：
hardly常用來修飾表示能力的詞; scarcely強(qiáng)調(diào)不足,常與enough, sufficient等詞連用; barely強(qiáng)調(diào)“勉強(qiáng)”。例如:
The enemy are so exhausted that they are hardly able to fight any longer.敵人已經(jīng)疲憊得簡(jiǎn)直不能再戰(zhàn)了。
The field is so thickly grown with rice that there is scarcely sufficient room for one to work in.稻子長(zhǎng)得很密,人們簡(jiǎn)直無法下田勞動(dòng)了。
I have barely enough money to buy a cup of coffee.我的錢剛好夠買一杯咖啡。

1.hard可作形容詞或副詞; 而hardly只能用作副詞。
2.hard意指“堅(jiān)硬”“痛苦的”“結(jié)實(shí)的”“艱難地”“困苦地”“費(fèi)力地”“困難地”; 而hardly是“幾乎不”“幾乎沒有”的意思。

這三個(gè)短語都可表示“一…就…”。其區(qū)別是：
1.as soon as可轉(zhuǎn)化為no sooner...than或hardly...when結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
As soon as I heard the knock I opened the door.
No sooner had I heard the knock than I opened the door.
Hardly had I heard the knock when I opened the door.
當(dāng)我聽到敲門聲,我馬上就開門了。
2.as soon as通常用于一般時(shí)態(tài), no hardly...than和hardly...when通常用于過去完成時(shí)。例如:
As soon as you finish your job, let me know.你一完成工作就告訴我一聲。
No sooner had the doctor arrived than he began treating the sick.醫(yī)生一到馬上就搶救病人。
I had hardly started when it began to rain.我剛動(dòng)身就下起雨來了。