written calculation

基本解釋

It is concluded that mathematicians formed and calculated mainly by means of written calculation with pen and paper in the Qing Dynasty.
討論了清代使用的各種計(jì)算手段，指出清代數(shù)學(xué)家在數(shù)學(xué)研究中采用的計(jì)算手段和演算方法主要是筆算。
This paper gives a skill calculating deflections of frame beams by the method of combining written calculation with zooming and discusses some related problems.
本文提出了一個(gè)手、電算結(jié)合計(jì)算框架梁撓度的技巧，分析了采用這一方法的必要性及相關(guān)問題。
In the pre-test students to understand the true starting point for students and demand, subject to the addition to the three-digit written calculation of the teaching.
在對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行了前測，力求讀懂學(xué)生的真實(shí)起點(diǎn)與需求的前題下，來進(jìn)行筆算三位數(shù)的加法的教學(xué)。