by
柯林斯詞典
- WHO DOES SOMETHING OR HOW IT IS DONE
1. PREP If something is done by a person or thing, that person or thing does it. 被
The feast was served by his mother and sisters. 宴席由他的母親和姐妹們招待。
I was amazed by their discourtesy and lack of professionalism. 我為他們的無禮和職業(yè)精神的缺乏所震驚。
2. PREP If you say that something such as a book, a piece of music, or a painting is by a particular person, you mean that this person wrote it or created it. 由…創(chuàng)作
A painting by Van Gogh has been sold in New York for more than eighty-two million dollars. 一幅由梵高創(chuàng)作的畫在紐約賣到超過八千二百萬美元。
3. PREP If you do something by a particular means, you do it using that thing. 以…方式
If you're travelling by car, ask whether there are parking facilities nearby. 如果你開汽車旅行，問問附近是否有停車設施。
4. PREP If you achieve one thing by doing another thing, your action enables you to achieve the first thing. 通過[PREP -ing]
Make the sauce by boiling the cream and stock together in a pan. 通過將乳酪和高湯一起放在平底鍋里煮來制作調味料。
The all-female yacht crew made history by becoming the first to sail round the world. 全部由女性組成的游艇船員通過首次環(huán)球航行而創(chuàng)造了歷史。
5. PREP You use by in phrases such as "by chance" or "by accident" to indicate whether or not an event was planned. 由于
I met him by chance out walking yesterday. 昨天出去散步時我無意中遇到了他。
He opened Ingrid's letter by mistake. 他誤拆了英格麗德的信。
6. PREP If someone is a particular type of person by nature, by profession, or by birth, they are that type of person because of their nature, their profession, or the family they were born into. 就…而言[adj/n PREP n]
I am certainly lucky to have a kind wife who is loving by nature. 我的確幸運有一位仁慈的妻子，她天生富有愛心。
She's a nurse by profession and now runs a counselling service for women. 她是護士出身，現在經營著一家針對女性的咨詢服務公司。
7. PREP If something must be done by law, it happens according to the law. If something is the case by particular standards, it is the case according to the standards. 根據
Pharmacists are required by law to give the medicine prescribed by the doctor. 根據法律，藥劑師被要求只配醫(yī)生開列的藥。
8. PREP If you say what someone means by a particular word or expression, you are saying what they intend the word or expression to refer to. 通過 (說某詞或某話)
Stella knew what he meant by "start again."
斯特拉知道他說“再次開始”是什么意思。
9. PREP If you hold someone or something by a particular part of them, you hold that part. 通過
He caught her by the shoulder and turned her around. 他抓住她的肩膀，使她轉過身。
She was led by the arm to a small room at the far end of the corridor. 她被抓著胳膊帶到走廊另一頭的一個小屋里。
10. PHRASE If you are by yourself, you are alone. 獨自地
...a dark-haired man sitting by himself in a corner. …一個獨自坐在角落里的、深色頭發(fā)的男子。
11. PHRASE If you do something by yourself, you succeed in doing it without anyone helping you. 獨立地
I didn't know if I could raise a child by myself. 我不知道是否能獨立撫養(yǎng)一個孩子。
PHRASE
1. PREP Someone or something that is by something else is beside it and close to it. 在…旁邊
Judith was sitting in a rocking chair by the window. 朱迪絲坐在窗邊的搖椅上。
Felicity Maxwell stood by the bar and ordered a glass of wine. 費利西蒂·馬克斯韋爾站在吧臺旁，叫了一杯葡萄酒。
2. ADV By is also an adverb. 在旁邊[ADV after v]
Large numbers of security police stood by. 許多秘密警察站在旁邊。
3. PREP If a person or vehicle goes by you, they move past you without stopping. 經過[v PREP n]
A few cars passed close by me. 幾輛車從我近旁駛過。
4. ADV By is also an adverb. 經過[ADV after v]
The bomb went off as a police patrol went by. 炸彈在巡警隊經過時爆炸了。
5. PREP If you stop by a place, you visit it for a short time. 暫時 (拜訪)
We had made arrangements to stop by her house in Pacific Grove. 我們已安排好順道去她在太平洋路的家拜訪。
6. ADV By is also an adverb. 暫時地[ADV after v]
I'll stop by after dinner and we'll have that talk. 晚餐后我會過來待會兒，我們可以談談那件事。
ADV
1. PREP If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time. 到…時; 在…之前
By eight o'clock he had arrived at my hotel. 他八點前已到了我住的旅館。
2. PREP If you do something by day, you do it during the day. If you do it by night, you do it during the night. 在…期間
By day a woman could safely walk the streets. 白天，婦女可以安全地在街上走。
3. PREP In arithmetic, you use by before the second number in a multiplication or division sum. 用于乘除法中[PREP num]
...an annual rate of 22.8 percent (1.9 multiplied by 12). …每年22.8％的比率（1.9乘以12）。
4. PREP You use by to talk about measurements of area. For example, if a room is twenty feet by fourteen feet, it measures twenty feet in one direction and fourteen feet in the other direction. 表示面積尺寸[PREP num]
Three prisoners were sharing one small cell 3 metres by 2? metres. 3名囚犯共住一間3米長2.5米寬的小牢房。
5. PREP If something increases or decreases by a particular amount, that amount is gained or lost. (表示數量、程度等) 以…之差[PREP amount]
Violent crime has increased by 10 percent since last year. 暴力犯罪自去年以來已上升了10％。
6. PREP Things that are made or sold by the million or by the dozen are made or sold in those quantities. 按…計算[PREP 'the' n]
Packages arrived by the dozen from America. 成打的包裹從美國寄來。
7. PREP You use by in expressions such as "minute by minute" and "drop by drop" to talk about things that happen gradually, not all at once. 表示循序漸進的速度[n PREP n]
His father began to lose his memory bit by bit, becoming increasingly forgetful. 他父親的記憶力開始一點點衰退，變得越來越健忘。
返回 by
by
介詞讀作ba?。副詞讀作?ba?。
POSITION OR PLACE
by
TIMES AND AMOUNTS
by /ba?/
介詞讀作ba?。副詞讀作?ba?。
劍橋詞典
- The roof of the temple was held up by a row of thick stone columns .
- The girl's mother was at home today, being comforted by relatives .
- The English were conquered by the Normans in 1066.
- The temperature is controlled by a thermostat .
- Any painting by Van Gogh is worth a fortune .
- She cheated in the test by copying from the boy in front .
- I don't have any cash on me, so could I pay by cheque ?
- Whenever I travel by train , I always travel first class .
- He managed to stay afloat by holding on to the side of the boat .
- The pilot avoided a collision by changing course .
- We spent a week by the coast .
- He held my arms down by my sides .
- He has a house down by the harbour .
- She sat reading by the fireside .
- We are committed to withdrawing our troops by the end of the year .
- All contributions for the school magazine must be received by 1 August .
- We need a firm decision by the end of the week .
- I've got to be home by seven.
- I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35.
by preposition (AGENT)
used to show the person or thing that does something（用于表示動作的施動者）被，由
The motorcycle was driven by a tiny bald man. 那輛摩托車由一個禿頂的小個子男人駕駛。
We were amazed by what she told us. 我們對她所說的事感到很驚訝。
I'm reading some short stories (written) by Chekhov. 我在讀契訶夫寫的一些短篇小說。
The book was translated by a well-known author . 這本書是由一位著名作家翻譯的。
I felt frightened by the anger in his voice . 我被他聲音中的怒氣嚇壞了。
例句
by preposition (METHOD)
used to show how something is done（用于表示方式）
They travelled across Europe by train /car . 他們乘火車／開汽車在歐洲旅行。
She did the decorating (all) by herself (= alone , without help from anyone). 所有裝飾都是她一人做的。
We went in by (= through) the front door . 我們是從前門進去的。
Do you want to be paid in cash or by cheque ? 你想拿現金還是支票？
He learned English by listen ing to the radio . 他通過聽收音機來學習英語。
Suddenly, she grabbed him by the arm (= took hold of this part of his body ). 突然，她抓住了他的手臂。
I refuse to live by (= following ) their rules . 我拒絕遵守他們的規(guī)矩。
例句
by preposition (POSITION)
near or at the side of在…旁邊，在…附近
A small child stood sullenly by her side . 一個小孩悶悶不樂地站在她身邊。
He wanted to keep her close by him always. 他想讓她一直呆在自己身邊。
The policewoman walked by (= past) them without saying a word. 那個女警察沒說一句話就從他們身邊走過去了。
例句
by preposition (NOT LATER THAN)
not later than; at or before不遲于；早于
She had promised to be back by five o'clock. 她答應過5點前回來。
The application must be in by the 31st to be accepted . 申請必須在31號之前到達才會被接受。
By the time I got to the station the train had already gone. 等我到達火車站時，火車已經開走了。
例句
by preposition (MEASUREMENT)
used to show measurements or amounts（用于表示度量或數量）
Our office floor space measured twelve metres by ten (= was twelve metres in one direction and ten in the other). 我們辦公室的面積為12乘10米。
Their wages were increased by 15 percent . 他們的工資上漲了15%。
Freelance workers are paid by the hour (= for every hour they work ). 自由職業(yè)者按小時領取報酬。
These phones have sold by the thousand (= several thousand have been sold ). 這些電話已經售出幾千臺。
?minute by minute/hour by hour/day by day, etc. (also by the minute/hour/day, etc.)
used to say that something increases or changes with every minute , hour , day , etc. that passes
隨著每分鐘（每小時，每天，等）的過去
The death toll from the hurricane was climbing minute by minute /by the minute . 隨著每分鐘的過去，颶風造成的死亡人數一直在增加。
The credibility of the campaign has deterioriated month by month /by the month . 隨著每個月的過去，這項活動的聲譽一直在下跌。
?minute-by-minute/hour-by-hour, etc.
describing or showing what happens every minute , hour , etc.
每分鐘（每小時等）的（變化）
a minute-by-minute timeline of the incident 這一事件以分鐘計的時間表
The book paints a detailed , week-by-week portrait of his father's illness . 這本書詳述了每一星期他父親疾病的惡化過程。
by preposition (DURING)
during
在…期間
We travelled by night and rested by day . 我們晝伏夜行。
?by nature, profession, trade, etc.
used when describing someone's character , job , etc.
本性（職業(yè)等）上
She is, by nature , a sunny , positive kind of person . 她本性是那種樂觀開朗、積極向上的人。
He's a plumber by trade . 他的職業(yè)是水暖工。
She was, by profession , a lawyer . 她的職業(yè)是律師。
?be all right/fine by sb
If something is all right /fine by someone, they agree that it can happen .
同意，不反對
"I'd rather go later ." "That's fine by me." “我想晚點去。”“我沒意見?！?
If it's all right by you, I'd like to leave now. 如果你不反對的話，我想現在走。 返回 by